Accessible Content

Words are interface. Every label, every heading, every error message is a design decision. This skill ensures content works for screen readers, for people reading in a second language, for people under stress, and for people who just need things to be clear.

When to Use

• Writing interface labels, button text, or form instructions
• Structuring headings and page hierarchy
• Writing error messages or help text
• Creating alt text for images
• Writing link text
• Structuring data tables
• Any time words appear on screen

Process

Step 1: Plain Language First

Every piece of content should meet these criteria:

• Reading level: aim for a reading age of 12-14 (roughly 6th-8th grade). Use short sentences and common words
• One idea per sentence. If a sentence has "and" in the middle, consider splitting it
• Active voice. "We sent your confirmation" not "Your confirmation has been sent"
• Specific over vague. "Save your changes" not "Submit" or "OK"
• No jargon unless the audience demonstrably uses it. When jargon is necessary, provide a plain explanation

Step 2: Heading Structure

Headings are navigation for screen readers. Get the structure right:

• One H1 per page — describes the page purpose
• Headings follow a logical hierarchy — H1 → H2 → H3, never skip levels
• Headings are descriptive — a screen reader user scanning headings alone should understand the page structure
• Do not use headings for visual styling — if you need big bold text that is not a heading, use CSS

Step 3: Form Labels and Instructions

Every form input must have:

• A visible label — placeholders are not labels (they disappear on focus)
• Programmatic association — <label for="id"> or aria-labelledby
• Required field indication — visible and announced, not just an asterisk
• Format hints — "DD/MM/YYYY" before the input, not after
• Error association — aria-describedby linking the input to its error message

Step 4: Alt Text

Alt text is content, not metadata:

| Image Type | Alt Text Approach | |-----------|------------------| | Informative image | Describe the information the image conveys, not the image itself | | Decorative image | Empty alt (alt="") — do not describe decorative images | | Functional image (button/link) | Describe the action, not the image ("Search", not "magnifying glass") | | Complex image (chart/graph) | Brief alt + detailed description in surrounding text or <details> | | Image of text | Reproduce the full text content |

Step 5: Link Text

Links must make sense out of context (screen reader users often navigate by links alone):

• Yes: "Read the accessibility guidelines"
• No: "Click here" or "Read more" or "Learn more"
• If multiple "Read more" links exist on a page, each must be distinguishable (via aria-label or visible text)

Step 6: Error Messages

Follow the pattern: [What happened] + [What to do]

• Keep the language neutral — never blame the user
• Be specific about what needs to change
• Place the error message adjacent to the relevant field
• Announce errors to screen readers via aria-live="assertive" or by moving focus

Step 7: Tables

Data tables need:

• <caption> describing the table's purpose
• <th> elements with scope="col" or scope="row"
• No layout tables — use CSS Grid or Flexbox for layout
• If a table is complex, provide a text summary

Step 8: Content Review

Before finalising any content, verify:

• [ ] Every interactive element has a visible, descriptive label
• [ ] Heading hierarchy is logical and complete
• [ ] Link text makes sense out of context
• [ ] Error messages explain both the problem and the solution
• [ ] Alt text is present and appropriate for every image
• [ ] Reading level is appropriate for the audience
• [ ] Content works when translated (avoid idioms, cultural references that do not travel)

Integration

• Called by: writing-design-plans, ui-composition, interaction-design
• Pairs with: cognitive-accessibility (reading load), inclusive-personas (audience awareness)
• Reviewed by: designpowers-critique