MySQL Performance Optimization

IMPORTANT: All output must be in Traditional Chinese.

Index Design Principles

1. Composite Index Column Order

Rule: Equality first, Range last, ORDER BY in between

-- Query pattern
SELECT * FROM orders
WHERE customer_id = ?      -- Equality
  AND status = ?           -- Equality
  AND created_at > ?       -- Range
ORDER BY total DESC;

-- Optimal index
CREATE INDEX idx_orders_customer_status_created_total
ON orders (customer_id, status, created_at, total);
--         ↑ equality   ↑ equality  ↑ range   ↑ for sorting

Index stops working after range condition:

-- This index: (a, b, c, d)
WHERE a = 1 AND b > 10 AND c = 5
--    ✓ uses a  ✓ uses b  ✗ c not used (after range)

2. Covering Index

Include all columns in SELECT to avoid table lookup:

-- Query
SELECT order_id, total, status FROM orders
WHERE customer_id = ? AND created_at > ?;

-- Covering index (includes all needed columns)
CREATE INDEX idx_covering
ON orders (customer_id, created_at, order_id, total, status);

-- EXPLAIN shows "Using index" = covering index used

3. Index Selectivity

High selectivity = more distinct values = better index

-- Check selectivity
SELECT
    COUNT(DISTINCT customer_id) / COUNT(*) AS customer_selectivity,
    COUNT(DISTINCT status) / COUNT(*) AS status_selectivity
FROM orders;

-- Result: customer_id = 0.85, status = 0.001
-- customer_id is better for leading column

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Query Optimization Patterns

N+1 Problem

The Problem:

// BAD - N+1 queries
List<Order> orders = orderRepository.findByCustomerId(customerId);
for (Order order : orders) {
    List<OrderItem> items = order.getItems();  // Lazy load = 1 query per order!
}
// Total: 1 + N queries

Solutions:

// Solution 1: JOIN FETCH (JPQL)
@Query("SELECT o FROM Order o JOIN FETCH o.items WHERE o.customerId = :customerId")
List<Order> findByCustomerIdWithItems(@Param("customerId") String customerId);

// Solution 2: @EntityGraph
@EntityGraph(attributePaths = {"items", "items.product"})
List<Order> findByCustomerId(String customerId);

// Solution 3: Batch fetching (application.yml)
spring:
  jpa:
    properties:
      hibernate:
        default_batch_fetch_size: 100

Pagination Optimization

Problem: OFFSET becomes slow with large pages

-- Slow for page 10000
SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY id LIMIT 20 OFFSET 200000;
-- MySQL must scan 200,020 rows!

Solution: Keyset Pagination

// Instead of page number, use last seen ID
@Query("SELECT o FROM Order o WHERE o.id > :lastId ORDER BY o.id LIMIT :size")
List<Order> findNextPage(@Param("lastId") Long lastId, @Param("size") int size);

// Usage
Long lastId = 0L;
List<Order> page;
do {
    page = repository.findNextPage(lastId, 20);
    process(page);
    lastId = page.isEmpty() ? lastId : page.get(page.size() - 1).getId();
} while (!page.isEmpty());

COUNT Optimization

-- Slow: exact count
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders WHERE status = 'PENDING';

-- Fast: approximate count (for UI "1000+ results")
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders WHERE status = 'PENDING' LIMIT 1001;
-- If returns 1001, display "1000+"

JOIN vs Subquery

-- Subquery (often slower)
SELECT * FROM orders
WHERE customer_id IN (SELECT id FROM customers WHERE region = 'ASIA');

-- JOIN (often faster, check EXPLAIN)
SELECT o.* FROM orders o
INNER JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id
WHERE c.region = 'ASIA';

-- EXISTS (good for checking existence)
SELECT * FROM customers c
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM orders o WHERE o.customer_id = c.id);

---

JPA/Hibernate Tuning

Fetch Strategy

// Default: LAZY for collections, EAGER for single
@Entity
public class Order {
    @ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)  // Single entity - consider LAZY
    private Customer customer;

    @OneToMany(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)   // Collection - always LAZY
    private List<OrderItem> items;
}

Batch Operations

# application.yml
spring:
  jpa:
    properties:
      hibernate:
        jdbc:
          batch_size: 50
          batch_versioned_data: true
        order_inserts: true
        order_updates: true

// Batch insert
@Transactional
public void saveAll(List<Order> orders) {
    int batchSize = 50;
    for (int i = 0; i < orders.size(); i++) {
        entityManager.persist(orders.get(i));
        if (i % batchSize == 0) {
            entityManager.flush();
            entityManager.clear();
        }
    }
}

Connection Pool (HikariCP)

spring:
  datasource:
    hikari:
      maximum-pool-size: 10      # CPU cores * 2 + disk spindles
      minimum-idle: 5
      connection-timeout: 30000   # 30 seconds
      idle-timeout: 600000        # 10 minutes
      max-lifetime: 1800000       # 30 minutes

---

EXPLAIN Analysis Quick Guide

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders WHERE customer_id = ? AND status = ?;

| Column | Good | Bad | |--------|------|-----| | type | const, eq_ref, ref | ALL, index | | rows | Low number | High number | | Extra | Using index | Using filesort, Using temporary |

Type Values (Best to Worst)

1. const - Single row (primary key lookup)
2. eq_ref - One row per join (unique index)
3. ref - Multiple rows (non-unique index)
4. range - Index range scan
5. index - Full index scan (better than ALL)
6. ALL - Full table scan (Bad!)

Red Flags in Extra

• Using filesort - Sorting without index
• Using temporary - Creating temp table
• Using where with high rows - Filter after scan

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Code Review Checklist

| Issue | Detection | Solution | |-------|-----------|----------| | N+1 Query | Multiple SELECT in logs for one request | JOIN FETCH, @EntityGraph, batch_fetch_size | | Full Table Scan | EXPLAIN type = ALL | Add appropriate index | | Large OFFSET | LIMIT x OFFSET large_number | Keyset pagination | | SELECT * | Fetching unused columns | Select only needed columns | | Missing Index | Slow query log, EXPLAIN | Analyze query pattern, add index | | Cartesian Join | Missing JOIN condition | Add proper ON clause | | OR on different columns | Each OR branch = separate scan | UNION or redesign |

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Quick Wins

1. Enable Slow Query Log

SET GLOBAL slow_query_log = 'ON';
SET GLOBAL long_query_time = 1;  -- Log queries > 1 second
SET GLOBAL log_queries_not_using_indexes = 'ON';

2. Add Missing Indexes

-- Find missing indexes
SELECT * FROM sys.schema_unused_indexes;
SELECT * FROM sys.schema_redundant_indexes;

-- Find queries without indexes
SELECT * FROM sys.statements_with_full_table_scans
ORDER BY no_index_used_count DESC LIMIT 10;

3. Query Hints

@QueryHints(@QueryHint(name = "org.hibernate.readOnly", value = "true"))
List<Order> findByStatus(OrderStatus status);

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Additional Resources

For detailed guidance:

• references/index-design.md - B+Tree internals, composite index strategies
• references/query-patterns.md - Common patterns and anti-patterns
• references/jpa-hibernate-tuning.md - Cache, batch, connection pool tuning