Optimizing RAG Performance

Guide for improving RAG systems with reranking, caching, production optimizations, and deployment patterns. Focus on quick wins and production-grade improvements.

When to Use This Skill

• Improving retrieval accuracy and quality
• Adding reranking to existing RAG pipeline
• Reducing latency and improving response time
• Deploying RAG to production
• Implementing caching for faster re-processing
• Scaling to handle more documents or queries
• Optimizing costs (API usage, compute resources)

Quick Wins (Low Effort, High Impact)

1. Add Reranking → 5-15% Hit Rate Improvement (1-2 hours)

Benefit: Transforms any embedding into competitive performance Effort: Minimal code change

from llama_index.postprocessor.cohere_rerank import CohereRerank

# For English content
reranker = CohereRerank(
    top_n=5,
    model="rerank-english-v3.0",
    api_key="YOUR_COHERE_API_KEY"
)

# For Thai/multilingual content
reranker = CohereRerank(
    top_n=5,
    model="rerank-multilingual-v3.0",
    api_key="YOUR_COHERE_API_KEY"
)

# Apply to query engine
query_engine = index.as_query_engine(
    similarity_top_k=10,  # Retrieve more candidates
    node_postprocessors=[reranker]  # Rerank to top 5
)

Best Practice: Always retrieve 10x candidates, rerank to final top_k

2. Enable Parallel Loading → 13x Speedup (30 minutes)

Benefit: 391s → 31s for 32 PDF files Effort: One parameter change

from llama_index.core import SimpleDirectoryReader

# Sequential (slow)
documents = SimpleDirectoryReader(input_dir="./data").load_data()

# Parallel (13x faster)
documents = SimpleDirectoryReader(input_dir="./data").load_data(
    num_workers=10  # Adjust based on CPU cores
)

3. Optimize Batch Size → Faster Embeddings (15 minutes)

Benefit: Reduced API calls, better throughput Effort: Configuration change

from llama_index.embeddings.openai import OpenAIEmbedding

embed_model = OpenAIEmbedding(
    model="text-embedding-3-small",
    embed_batch_size=100  # Up from default 10
)

Quick Decision Guide

Reranker Selection

• Best quality → CohereRerank (API-based, best performance)
• Best open-source → bge-reranker-large (local, free)
• Cost-effective → SentenceTransformerRerank (local, fast)
• Multi-language → CohereRerank multilingual-v3.0

Caching Strategy

• Development → Local cache (pipeline.persist)
• Production → Redis cache (distributed)
• When to clear → Model changes, schema updates

Production Deployment

• Small scale (<1M docs) → Serverless (auto-scaling)
• Large scale → Container-based (consistent performance)
• Multi-tenant → Collection isolation + metadata filtering

Optimization Patterns

Pattern 1: Add Best-Practice Reranking

from llama_index.postprocessor.flag_embedding_reranker import FlagEmbeddingReranker

# Open-source alternative to Cohere
reranker = FlagEmbeddingReranker(
    model="BAAI/bge-reranker-large",
    top_n=5
)

query_engine = index.as_query_engine(
    similarity_top_k=10,
    node_postprocessors=[reranker]
)

Performance: OpenAI + bge-reranker-large: 0.910 hit rate, 0.856 MRR

Pattern 2: Pipeline Caching (Local)

from llama_index.core.ingestion import IngestionPipeline
from llama_index.core.node_parser import SentenceSplitter
from llama_index.embeddings.openai import OpenAIEmbedding

# Create pipeline with transformations
pipeline = IngestionPipeline(
    transformations=[
        SentenceSplitter(chunk_size=512),
        OpenAIEmbedding()
    ]
)

# Run and cache
nodes = pipeline.run(documents=documents)
pipeline.persist("./pipeline_cache")

# Subsequent runs reuse cached results
pipeline.load("./pipeline_cache")
nodes = pipeline.run(documents=documents)  # Only processes new/changed docs

Pattern 3: Redis Cache (Production)

from llama_index.ingestion import IngestionPipeline, IngestionCache
from llama_index.storage.kvstore.redis import RedisKVStore

# Distributed caching
ingest_cache = IngestionCache(
    cache=RedisKVStore.from_host_and_port(
        host="redis-server",
        port=6379
    ),
    collection="rag_pipeline_cache"
)

pipeline = IngestionPipeline(
    transformations=[...],
    cache=ingest_cache
)

# Cache shared across instances
nodes = pipeline.run(documents=documents)

Pattern 4: Advanced Retrieval Strategies

Metadata Pre-filtering (Sub-50ms):

from llama_index.core.vector_stores import MetadataFilters, ExactMatchFilter

# Filter before vector search (90% reduction possible)
filters = MetadataFilters(
    filters=[
        ExactMatchFilter(key="category", value="technical"),
        ExactMatchFilter(key="year", value="2024")
    ]
)

query_engine = index.as_query_engine(
    filters=filters,  # Narrow search space first
    similarity_top_k=5
)

Document Summary Retrieval (For 100+ docs):

from llama_index.core import DocumentSummaryIndex

# Two-stage: document-level → chunk-level
summary_index = DocumentSummaryIndex.from_documents(
    documents,
    response_synthesizer=response_synthesizer
)

retriever = summary_index.as_retriever(similarity_top_k=3)

Chunk Decoupling (Precision + Context):

from llama_index.core.node_parser import SentenceWindowNodeParser
from llama_index.core.postprocessor import MetadataReplacementPostProcessor

# Embed sentences, retrieve with context windows
node_parser = SentenceWindowNodeParser.from_defaults(
    window_size=3,  # Sentences before/after
    window_metadata_key="window"
)

# Replace with window for synthesis
postprocessor = MetadataReplacementPostProcessor(
    target_metadata_key="window"
)

query_engine = index.as_query_engine(
    node_postprocessors=[postprocessor],
    similarity_top_k=6
)

Pattern 5: Multiple Postprocessors Chain

from llama_index.core.postprocessor import SimilarityPostprocessor

# Progressive refinement
query_engine = index.as_query_engine(
    similarity_top_k=20,
    node_postprocessors=[
        SimilarityPostprocessor(similarity_cutoff=0.7),  # Filter low scores
        CohereRerank(top_n=10),                          # Rerank top candidates
        MetadataReplacementPostProcessor(...)             # Expand context
    ]
)

Your Codebase Integration

For src/ Pipeline

Add Reranking to All 7 Strategies:

• src/10_basic_query_engine.py → Add CohereRerank
• src/16_hybrid_search.py → Add reranker after fusion
• All other strategies: Consistent reranking layer

Enable Caching:

• src/09_enhanced_batch_embeddings.py → Add pipeline caching
• src/02_prep_doc_for_embedding.py → Cache preprocessing

For src-iLand/ Pipeline

Thai-Optimized Reranking:

# In src-iLand/retrieval/retrievers/
reranker = CohereRerank(
    top_n=5,
    model="rerank-multilingual-v3.0"  # Thai support
)

Fast Metadata Filtering (Already implemented):

• src-iLand/retrieval/fast_metadata_index.py → Sub-50ms filtering
• Inverted indices for: จังหวัด, อำเภอ, ประเภทโฉนด
• B-tree indices for: area, coordinates

Batch Processing Optimization:

• src-iLand/docs_embedding/batch_embedding.py → Increase batch_size
• src-iLand/data_processing/ → Enable parallel loading

Detailed References

Load these when you need comprehensive details:

• reference-reranking.md: Complete reranking guide

  • 6 reranker models with benchmarks
  • Multi-language reranking
  • Cost-performance trade-offs
  • Node postprocessor types

• reference-production.md: Production optimization patterns

  • Ingestion pipeline caching (local & Redis)
  • Parallel processing (13x speedup)
  • Vector store integration
  • Multi-tenancy patterns
  • Deployment architectures
  • Error handling and reliability

• reference-advanced-retrieval.md: Advanced retrieval strategies

  • Document summary retrieval
  • Recursive retrieval
  • Chunk decoupling
  • Sub-question decomposition
  • Fusion retrieval
  • Auto retriever

Common Workflows

Workflow 1: Add Reranking to Existing Pipeline

• [ ] Step 1: Choose reranker

  • Load reference-reranking.md for comparison
  • For Thai: CohereRerank multilingual-v3.0
  • For cost: bge-reranker-large

• [ ] Step 2: Install dependencies

  pip install llama-index-postprocessor-cohere-rerank
  # OR
  pip install llama-index-postprocessor-flag-embedding-reranker
  

• [ ] Step 3: Update query engine

  • Change similarity_top_k from 5 → 10
  • Add reranker with top_n=5

• [ ] Step 4: Test impact

  • Compare retrieval quality before/after
  • Expected: 5-15% hit rate improvement

• [ ] Step 5: Deploy to all strategies

  • Apply consistently across retrievers

Workflow 2: Enable Production Caching

• [ ] Step 1: Choose caching backend

  • Development → Local cache
  • Production → Redis cache

• [ ] Step 2: Wrap pipeline

  pipeline = IngestionPipeline(
      transformations=[splitter, embedder],
      # cache=... (local or Redis)
  )
  

• [ ] Step 3: Initial run (builds cache)

  nodes = pipeline.run(documents=documents)
  pipeline.persist("./cache")  # Local only
  

• [ ] Step 4: Subsequent runs (uses cache)

  • Only processes new/changed documents
  • Massive speedup for re-runs

• [ ] Step 5: Monitor cache size

  • Clear when storage grows too large
  • Clear on model/schema changes

Workflow 3: Deploy to Production

• [ ] Step 1: Review production checklist

  • Load reference-production.md for full guide

• [ ] Step 2: Implement error handling

  • Retry logic for API calls
  • Fallback strategies for failures
  • Circuit breaker pattern

• [ ] Step 3: Add monitoring

  • Track retrieval latency (p50, p95, p99)
  • Monitor hit rate and MRR
  • Log embedding API usage

• [ ] Step 4: Set up caching

  • Redis for distributed systems
  • Query result caching
  • Embedding caching

• [ ] Step 5: Deploy with redundancy

  • Load balancing
  • Health checks
  • Graceful degradation

Workflow 4: Optimize for Scale (100+ Documents)

• [ ] Step 1: Add metadata filtering

  • Tag documents with categories
  • Filter before vector search (90% reduction)

• [ ] Step 2: Implement document summaries

  • Generate summaries for each document
  • Two-stage retrieval: doc → chunk

• [ ] Step 3: Enable fast metadata indexing

  • Build inverted indices for categorical fields
  • B-tree indices for numeric fields
  • See src-iLand/retrieval/fast_metadata_index.py

• [ ] Step 4: Use async operations

  retriever = index.as_retriever(use_async=True)
  

• [ ] Step 5: Monitor and tune

  • Adjust top_k based on precision/recall
  • Optimize chunk size for domain

Performance Benchmarks

Reranking Impact (from reference docs)

| Embedding | Without Rerank | With Cohere Rerank | Improvement | |-----------|----------------|-------------------|-------------| | OpenAI | 0.870 hit rate | 0.927 hit rate | +6.6% | | JinaAI Base | 0.880 hit rate | 0.933 hit rate | +6.0% | | bge-large | 0.820 hit rate | 0.876 hit rate | +6.8% |

Parallel Loading Impact

• Sequential: 391 seconds (32 PDF files)
• Parallel (10 workers): 31 seconds
• Speedup: 13x faster

Caching Impact

• First run: Full processing time
• Cached run: Only new/changed documents
• Typical speedup: 10-100x for repeat runs

Key Reminders

Reranking Best Practices:

• Always retrieve 10x candidates, rerank to top-k
• Use multilingual models for Thai content
• Combine with hybrid search for best results

Caching Cautions:

• Clear cache when changing embedding models
• Clear cache when updating document schema
• Monitor cache size growth

Production Essentials:

• Implement retry logic and error handling
• Monitor latency, hit rate, costs
• Use distributed caching (Redis)
• Enable async operations for parallel retrieval

Scripts

This skill includes utility scripts in the scripts/ directory:

validate_config.py

Validates RAG configuration before deployment:

python .claude/skills/optimizing-rag/scripts/validate_config.py \
    --config-file ./config.yaml

Checks:

• Chunk size appropriate for domain
• Embedding model consistency
• Top-k values reasonable
• Reranker configuration

benchmark_performance.py

Measures retrieval performance:

python .claude/skills/optimizing-rag/scripts/benchmark_performance.py \
    --index-path ./index \
    --queries-file ./test_queries.txt

Reports:

• Retrieval latency (p50, p95, p99)
• Throughput (queries/second)
• Memory usage

Next Steps

After optimizing:

• Evaluate: Use evaluating-rag skill to measure improvements with hit rate and MRR
• Monitor: Set up continuous evaluation in production
• Iterate: Use metrics to guide further optimizations