A2A JavaScript/TypeScript SDK Development Guide

Build standards-compliant agent-to-agent applications using the @a2a-js/sdk. This guide covers server agents, clients, task management, streaming, and all three transport bindings.

Quick Reference

# Install the SDK
npm install @a2a-js/sdk

# For Express server integration
npm install express

# For gRPC support (Node.js only)
npm install @grpc/grpc-js @bufbuild/protobuf

Import paths:

import { AgentCard, Message, Task, AGENT_CARD_PATH } from '@a2a-js/sdk';
import { AgentExecutor, DefaultRequestHandler, InMemoryTaskStore } from '@a2a-js/sdk/server';
import { agentCardHandler, jsonRpcHandler, restHandler, UserBuilder } from '@a2a-js/sdk/server/express';
import { ClientFactory } from '@a2a-js/sdk/client';
import { GrpcTransportFactory } from '@a2a-js/sdk/client/grpc';

The SDK implements A2A Protocol Specification v0.3.0.

---

Architecture Overview

An A2A application has two sides:

1. Server (Agent) — exposes capabilities via an Agent Card, handles incoming messages, manages tasks, and publishes events
2. Client (Consumer) — discovers agents, sends messages, tracks tasks, and consumes streaming updates

The protocol supports three transport bindings. Each transport provides the same operations — pick based on your deployment needs:

| Transport | Client | Server | Notes | |-----------|--------|--------|-------| | JSON-RPC | Yes | Yes | Default, works everywhere | | HTTP+JSON/REST | Yes | Yes | RESTful, good for web clients | | gRPC | Yes | Yes | Node.js only, high performance |

---

Building an A2A Server

Step 1: Define the Agent Card

The Agent Card is the identity and capability declaration for your agent. Other agents discover it at /.well-known/agent-card.json.

import { AgentCard } from '@a2a-js/sdk';

const agentCard: AgentCard = {
  name: 'My Agent',
  description: 'Describe what your agent does clearly.',
  protocolVersion: '0.3.0',
  version: '1.0.0',
  url: 'http://localhost:4000/a2a/jsonrpc',
  skills: [
    {
      id: 'skill-id',
      name: 'Skill Name',
      description: 'What this skill does',
      tags: ['relevant', 'tags'],
    },
  ],
  capabilities: {
    pushNotifications: false,
    streaming: true,
  },
  defaultInputModes: ['text'],
  defaultOutputModes: ['text'],
  additionalInterfaces: [
    { url: 'http://localhost:4000/a2a/jsonrpc', transport: 'JSONRPC' },
    { url: 'http://localhost:4000/a2a/rest', transport: 'HTTP+JSON' },
  ],
};

Key design decisions for the Agent Card:

• skills — declare what your agent can do so clients can match capabilities
• capabilities — advertise streaming and push notification support honestly; clients check these before using those features
• additionalInterfaces — list all transport endpoints you support so ClientFactory can auto-select

Step 2: Implement the AgentExecutor

This is where your agent's logic lives. The execute method receives a RequestContext and an ExecutionEventBus.

import { AgentExecutor, RequestContext, ExecutionEventBus } from '@a2a-js/sdk/server';
import { Message, Task, TaskStatusUpdateEvent, TaskArtifactUpdateEvent } from '@a2a-js/sdk';
import { v4 as uuidv4 } from 'uuid';

class MyAgentExecutor implements AgentExecutor {
  async execute(
    requestContext: RequestContext,
    eventBus: ExecutionEventBus
  ): Promise<void> {
    const { taskId, contextId, userMessage, task } = requestContext;

    // Access the user's message text
    const userText = userMessage.parts
      .filter((p) => p.kind === 'text')
      .map((p) => p.text)
      .join('\n');

    // If this is a new task (no existing task), initialize it
    if (!task) {
      const newTask: Task = {
        kind: 'task',
        id: taskId,
        contextId,
        status: { state: 'working', timestamp: new Date().toISOString() },
        history: [userMessage],
      };
      eventBus.publish(newTask);
    }

    // --- Your agent logic goes here ---
    // Call your AI model, run tools, process data, etc.
    const result = await doSomethingUseful(userText);

    // Publish an artifact if your agent produces output files/data
    const artifactUpdate: TaskArtifactUpdateEvent = {
      kind: 'artifact-update',
      taskId,
      contextId,
      artifact: {
        artifactId: uuidv4(),
        name: 'result.txt',
        parts: [{ kind: 'text', text: result }],
      },
    };
    eventBus.publish(artifactUpdate);

    // Signal task completion
    const statusUpdate: TaskStatusUpdateEvent = {
      kind: 'status-update',
      taskId,
      contextId,
      status: { state: 'completed', timestamp: new Date().toISOString() },
      final: true,
    };
    eventBus.publish(statusUpdate);

    // Always call finished() to signal execution is done
    eventBus.finished();
  }

  async cancelTask(): Promise<void> {
    // Handle cancellation — clean up resources, abort in-flight work
  }
}

RequestContext fields:

• taskId — unique task identifier (server-generated)
• contextId — conversation context identifier
• userMessage — the incoming Message object
• task — the existing Task object if this continues an existing task, or undefined for new tasks

ExecutionEventBus methods:

• publish(event) — emit a Message, Task, TaskStatusUpdateEvent, or TaskArtifactUpdateEvent
• finished() — signal that execution is complete (always call this)

Step 3: Wire Up the Server

import express from 'express';
import { AGENT_CARD_PATH } from '@a2a-js/sdk';
import { DefaultRequestHandler, InMemoryTaskStore } from '@a2a-js/sdk/server';
import {
  agentCardHandler,
  jsonRpcHandler,
  restHandler,
  UserBuilder,
} from '@a2a-js/sdk/server/express';

const executor = new MyAgentExecutor();
const handler = new DefaultRequestHandler(
  agentCard,
  new InMemoryTaskStore(),
  executor
);

const app = express();

// Agent Card discovery endpoint
app.use(`/${AGENT_CARD_PATH}`, agentCardHandler({ agentCardProvider: handler }));

// JSON-RPC transport
app.use(
  '/a2a/jsonrpc',
  jsonRpcHandler({
    requestHandler: handler,
    userBuilder: UserBuilder.noAuthentication, // Use proper auth in production
  })
);

// REST transport
app.use(
  '/a2a/rest',
  restHandler({
    requestHandler: handler,
    userBuilder: UserBuilder.noAuthentication,
  })
);

app.listen(4000, () => {
  console.log('A2A agent running on http://localhost:4000');
});

DefaultRequestHandler orchestrates the full request lifecycle — it manages task creation, state transitions, executor invocation, and event routing. You don't need to handle this yourself.

InMemoryTaskStore is fine for development. For production, implement the TaskStore interface backed by your database.

Adding gRPC Support

import { GrpcServer } from '@a2a-js/sdk/server/grpc';

// Add gRPC alongside Express
const grpcServer = new GrpcServer(handler);
grpcServer.start(4001);

// Update your Agent Card's additionalInterfaces to include:
// { url: 'http://localhost:4001', transport: 'GRPC' }

---

Building an A2A Client

Auto-Discovery Client

The ClientFactory fetches the Agent Card and auto-selects the best transport:

import { ClientFactory } from '@a2a-js/sdk/client';
import { v4 as uuidv4 } from 'uuid';

const factory = new ClientFactory();
const client = await factory.createFromUrl('http://localhost:4000');

// Send a message
const response = await client.sendMessage({
  message: {
    messageId: uuidv4(),
    role: 'user',
    parts: [{ kind: 'text', text: 'Hello, agent!' }],
    kind: 'message',
  },
});

Explicit gRPC Client

import { ClientFactory } from '@a2a-js/sdk/client';
import { GrpcTransportFactory } from '@a2a-js/sdk/client/grpc';

const factory = new ClientFactory({
  transports: [new GrpcTransportFactory()],
});
const client = await factory.createFromUrl('http://localhost:4000');

Task Operations

// Get a task by ID
const task = await client.getTask({ taskId: 'some-task-id' });

// Cancel a task
const canceled = await client.cancelTask({ taskId: 'some-task-id' });

---

Task Lifecycle

Tasks are the core unit of work in A2A. They progress through a state machine:

                    ┌─── completed
                    │
working ───────────┼─── failed
                    │
                    ├─── canceled
                    │
                    ├─── rejected
                    │
                    └─── input_required ──┐
                         auth_required ───┤
                                          │
                                          └──→ (resume with new message)
                                                  ↓
                                               working → ...

Terminal states: completed, failed, canceled, rejected Interrupted states: input_required, auth_required — the agent pauses and waits for the client to send more information

Multi-Turn Conversations

Use contextId to group related tasks into a conversation, and taskId to continue a specific task:

// Start a new conversation
const response1 = await client.sendMessage({
  message: { messageId: uuidv4(), role: 'user', parts: [{ kind: 'text', text: 'Analyze this data...' }], kind: 'message' },
});

// Continue the same task (if agent returned input_required)
const taskId = response1.id; // from the Task response
const response2 = await client.sendMessage({
  message: { messageId: uuidv4(), role: 'user', parts: [{ kind: 'text', text: 'Here is the additional info...' }], kind: 'message' },
  taskId: taskId,
});

// New task in the same conversation context
const contextId = response1.contextId;
const response3 = await client.sendMessage({
  message: { messageId: uuidv4(), role: 'user', parts: [{ kind: 'text', text: 'Now do something else...' }], kind: 'message' },
  contextId: contextId,
});

---

Streaming

For long-running tasks, use streaming to get real-time updates:

Server-Side Streaming

The executor publishes events incrementally — the SDK handles SSE/streaming transport automatically:

class StreamingExecutor implements AgentExecutor {
  async execute(requestContext: RequestContext, eventBus: ExecutionEventBus): Promise<void> {
    const { taskId, contextId } = requestContext;

    // Publish progress updates
    eventBus.publish({
      kind: 'status-update',
      taskId,
      contextId,
      status: { state: 'working', message: 'Processing step 1...', progress: 25, timestamp: new Date().toISOString() },
      final: false,
    });

    // ... do work ...

    eventBus.publish({
      kind: 'status-update',
      taskId,
      contextId,
      status: { state: 'working', message: 'Processing step 2...', progress: 75, timestamp: new Date().toISOString() },
      final: false,
    });

    // Publish final artifact and completion
    eventBus.publish({
      kind: 'artifact-update',
      taskId,
      contextId,
      artifact: { artifactId: 'out-1', name: 'output.json', parts: [{ kind: 'text', text: JSON.stringify(result) }] },
    });

    eventBus.publish({
      kind: 'status-update',
      taskId,
      contextId,
      status: { state: 'completed', timestamp: new Date().toISOString() },
      final: true,
    });

    eventBus.finished();
  }

  async cancelTask(): Promise<void> {}
}

Client-Side Streaming

// Subscribe to streaming updates
const stream = await client.sendStreamingMessage({
  message: { messageId: uuidv4(), role: 'user', parts: [{ kind: 'text', text: 'Do a long task...' }], kind: 'message' },
});

for await (const event of stream) {
  if (event.kind === 'status-update') {
    console.log(`Status: ${event.status.state} - ${event.status.message} (${event.status.progress}%)`);
  } else if (event.kind === 'artifact-update') {
    console.log(`Artifact: ${event.artifact.name}`);
  } else if (event.kind === 'task') {
    console.log(`Task ${event.id} created`);
  }
}

---

Event Types Reference

Events published through the ExecutionEventBus:

| Event Kind | Purpose | Key Fields | |------------|---------|------------| | message | Direct message response | messageId, role, parts, contextId | | task | Task creation/full state | id, contextId, status, history, artifacts | | status-update | Task status change | taskId, contextId, status, final | | artifact-update | Task output artifact | taskId, contextId, artifact |

Set final: true on the last status-update to indicate the task has reached a terminal or interrupted state.

---

Message Parts

Messages and artifacts contain parts — the content units:

// Text content
{ kind: 'text', text: 'Hello world' }

// File reference
{ kind: 'file', file: { url: 'https://...', mimeType: 'application/pdf' } }

// Inline file data (base64)
{ kind: 'file', file: { data: 'base64encodeddata...', mimeType: 'image/png', name: 'chart.png' } }

// Structured data
{ kind: 'data', data: { key: 'value', nested: { field: 42 } } }

---

Common Patterns

Simple Request-Response Agent (No Tasks)

For agents that just reply to messages without creating persistent tasks:

class SimpleAgent implements AgentExecutor {
  async execute(requestContext: RequestContext, eventBus: ExecutionEventBus): Promise<void> {
    const responseMessage: Message = {
      kind: 'message',
      messageId: uuidv4(),
      role: 'agent',
      parts: [{ kind: 'text', text: 'Here is my response.' }],
      contextId: requestContext.contextId,
    };
    eventBus.publish(responseMessage);
    eventBus.finished();
  }

  async cancelTask(): Promise<void> {}
}

Agent That Requests More Input

class InteractiveAgent implements AgentExecutor {
  async execute(requestContext: RequestContext, eventBus: ExecutionEventBus): Promise<void> {
    const { taskId, contextId, task } = requestContext;

    if (!task) {
      // First turn — ask for clarification
      const newTask: Task = {
        kind: 'task',
        id: taskId,
        contextId,
        status: { state: 'input_required', timestamp: new Date().toISOString() },
        history: [requestContext.userMessage],
      };
      eventBus.publish(newTask);

      const question: Message = {
        kind: 'message',
        messageId: uuidv4(),
        role: 'agent',
        parts: [{ kind: 'text', text: 'Could you clarify what format you need?' }],
        contextId,
      };
      eventBus.publish(question);
      eventBus.finished();
      return;
    }

    // Second turn — we have the clarification, complete the task
    eventBus.publish({
      kind: 'status-update',
      taskId,
      contextId,
      status: { state: 'completed', timestamp: new Date().toISOString() },
      final: true,
    });
    eventBus.finished();
  }

  async cancelTask(): Promise<void> {}
}

---

Protocol Details

For the full A2A protocol specification (JSON-RPC methods, REST endpoints, error codes, security schemes, push notifications), see references/protocol-spec.md.

For the complete SDK API surface and type definitions, see references/sdk-api.md.

---

Checklist: Building an A2A Agent

1. Define your Agent Card with accurate skills and capabilities
2. Implement AgentExecutor with your business logic
3. Use DefaultRequestHandler + InMemoryTaskStore (or custom store)
4. Mount Express handlers for your chosen transports
5. Always call eventBus.finished() at the end of execute()
6. Set final: true on the last status-update event
7. Handle cancelTask() if your agent does long-running work
8. Test with ClientFactory auto-discovery