Capture Screen

Programmatic screenshot capture on macOS: find windows, control views, capture images.

Quick Start

# Find Excel window ID
swift scripts/get_window_id.swift Excel

# Capture that window (replace 12345 with actual WID)
screencapture -x -l 12345 output.png

Overview

Three-step workflow:

1. Find Window  →  Swift CGWindowListCopyWindowInfo  →  get numeric Window ID
2. Control View  →  AppleScript (osascript)           →  zoom, scroll, select
3. Capture       →  screencapture -l <WID>            →  PNG/JPEG output

Step 1: Get Window ID (Swift)

Use Swift with CoreGraphics to enumerate windows. This is the only reliable method on macOS.

Quick inline execution

swift -e '
import CoreGraphics
let keyword = "Excel"
let list = CGWindowListCopyWindowInfo(.optionOnScreenOnly, kCGNullWindowID) as? [[String: Any]] ?? []
for w in list {
    let owner = w[kCGWindowOwnerName as String] as? String ?? ""
    let name = w[kCGWindowName as String] as? String ?? ""
    let wid = w[kCGWindowNumber as String] as? Int ?? 0
    if owner.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains(keyword) || name.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains(keyword) {
        print("WID=\(wid) | App=\(owner) | Title=\(name)")
    }
}
'

Using the bundled script

swift scripts/get_window_id.swift Excel
swift scripts/get_window_id.swift Chrome
swift scripts/get_window_id.swift          # List all windows

Output format: WID=12345 | App=Microsoft Excel | Title=workbook.xlsx

Parse the WID number for use with screencapture -l.

Step 2: Control Window (AppleScript)

Verified commands for controlling application windows before capture.

Microsoft Excel (full AppleScript support)

# Activate (bring to front)
osascript -e 'tell application "Microsoft Excel" to activate'

# Set zoom level (percentage)
osascript -e 'tell application "Microsoft Excel"
    set zoom of active window to 120
end tell'

# Scroll to specific row
osascript -e 'tell application "Microsoft Excel"
    set scroll row of active window to 45
end tell'

# Scroll to specific column
osascript -e 'tell application "Microsoft Excel"
    set scroll column of active window to 3
end tell'

# Select a cell range
osascript -e 'tell application "Microsoft Excel"
    select range "A1" of active sheet
end tell'

# Select a specific sheet
osascript -e 'tell application "Microsoft Excel"
    activate object sheet "DCF" of active workbook
end tell'

# Open a file
osascript -e 'tell application "Microsoft Excel"
    open POSIX file "/path/to/file.xlsx"
end tell'

Any application (basic control)

# Activate any app
osascript -e 'tell application "Google Chrome" to activate'

# Bring specific window to front (by index)
osascript -e 'tell application "System Events"
    tell process "Google Chrome"
        perform action "AXRaise" of window 1
    end tell
end tell'

Timing and Timeout

Always add sleep 1 after AppleScript commands before capturing, to allow UI rendering to complete.

IMPORTANT: osascript hangs indefinitely if the target application is not running or not responding. Always wrap with timeout:

timeout 5 osascript -e 'tell application "Microsoft Excel" to activate'

Step 3: Capture (screencapture)

# Capture specific window by ID
screencapture -l <WID> output.png

# Silent capture (no camera shutter sound)
screencapture -x -l <WID> output.png

# Capture as JPEG
screencapture -l <WID> -t jpg output.jpg

# Capture with delay (seconds)
screencapture -l <WID> -T 2 output.png

# Capture a screen region (interactive)
screencapture -R x,y,width,height output.png

Retina displays

On Retina Macs, screencapture outputs 2x resolution by default (e.g., a 2032x1238 window produces a 4064x2476 PNG). This is normal. To get 1x resolution, resize after capture:

sips --resampleWidth 2032 output.png --out output_1x.png

Verify capture

# Check file was created and has content
ls -la output.png
file output.png    # Should show "PNG image data, ..."

Multi-Shot Workflow

Complete example: capture multiple sections of an Excel workbook.

# 1. Open file and activate Excel
osascript -e 'tell application "Microsoft Excel"
    open POSIX file "/path/to/model.xlsx"
    activate
end tell'
sleep 2

# 2. Set up view
osascript -e 'tell application "Microsoft Excel"
    set zoom of active window to 130
    activate object sheet "Summary" of active workbook
end tell'
sleep 1

# 3. Get window ID
#    IMPORTANT: Always re-fetch before capturing. CGWindowID is invalidated
#    when an app restarts or a window is closed and reopened.
WID=$(swift -e '
import CoreGraphics
let list = CGWindowListCopyWindowInfo(.optionOnScreenOnly, kCGNullWindowID) as? [[String: Any]] ?? []
for w in list {
    let owner = w[kCGWindowOwnerName as String] as? String ?? ""
    let wid = w[kCGWindowNumber as String] as? Int ?? 0
    if owner == "Microsoft Excel" { print(wid); break }
}
')
echo "Window ID: $WID"

# 4. Capture Section A (top of sheet)
osascript -e 'tell application "Microsoft Excel"
    set scroll row of active window to 1
end tell'
sleep 1
screencapture -x -l $WID section_a.png

# 5. Capture Section B (further down)
osascript -e 'tell application "Microsoft Excel"
    set scroll row of active window to 45
end tell'
sleep 1
screencapture -x -l $WID section_b.png

# 6. Switch sheet and capture
osascript -e 'tell application "Microsoft Excel"
    activate object sheet "DCF" of active workbook
    set scroll row of active window to 1
end tell'
sleep 1
screencapture -x -l $WID dcf_overview.png

Failed Approaches (DO NOT USE)

These methods were tested and confirmed to fail on macOS:

| Method | Error | Why It Fails | |--------|-------|-------------| | System Events → id of window | Error -1728 | System Events cannot access window IDs in the format screencapture needs | | Python import Quartz (PyObjC) | ModuleNotFoundError | PyObjC not installed in system Python; don't attempt to install it — use Swift instead | | osascript window id | Wrong format | Returns AppleScript window index, not CGWindowID needed by screencapture -l |

Permission Troubleshooting

swift scripts/get_window_id.swift reads on-screen windows via CoreGraphics, so it needs Screen Recording permission on macOS.

Use this order:

Confirm trigger
Confirm target identity
Add/enable exact app in Settings

If the command fails with ERROR: Failed to enumerate windows, do this:

open "x-apple.systempreferences:com.apple.preference.security?Privacy_ScreenCapture"

Or print the same checklist directly from the script:

swift scripts/get_window_id.swift --permission-hint screen
swift scripts/get_window_id.swift --permission-hint microphone

Then:

In Privacy & Security → Screen Recording, enable the target app.
If your app is missing from the list:
- Ensure you granted permission to the real app bundle (not swift / terminal helpers).
- For CLI tools, build/run as a packaged .app during permission verification.
- Click + and add the .app manually from /Applications.
Re-run the command after restarting the app.
If this is a CLI workflow, also check whether the launcher is a helper binary:
- In most cases the entry shown in TCC is the helper process (swift, Terminal, iTerm, etc.), not the business app.
- Permission still works after helper-level grant, but it is not ideal for final UX.

For mic-access-related prompts, use the same pattern with the microphone pane:

open "x-apple.systempreferences:com.apple.preference.security?Privacy_Microphone"

The same rule still applies: the system can only show permissions for a concrete .app bundle. If the request is made by a helper binary, the settings list can be misleading or empty for your product app.

Quick Check Template

1) Error: permission denied
2) Open target pane
3) Verify identity shown by OS = identity you granted
4) If not matched, use the script-reported candidate identities and grant the launcher process
5) Reopen/restart and verify

For production apps, avoid requesting permissions via swift/python entry points; always route permission checks in the packaged app process so users only see one target.

If you maintain another macOS permission-related flow, reuse this standardized triage template:

permission-triage-template.md

Supported Applications

| Application | Window ID | AppleScript Control | Notes | |------------|-----------|-------------------|-------| | Microsoft Excel | Swift | Full (zoom, scroll, select, activate sheet) | Best supported | | Google Chrome | Swift | Basic (activate, window management) | No scroll/zoom via AppleScript | | Any macOS app | Swift | Basic (activate via tell application) | screencapture works universally |

AppleScript control depth varies by application. Excel has the richest AppleScript dictionary. For apps with limited AppleScript, use keyboard simulation via System Events as a fallback.