Static Vulnerability Analysis

Overview

Static analysis examines source code without executing it, identifying security vulnerabilities through pattern matching, data flow analysis, and manual code review. This technique is essential for finding logic flaws, authentication bypasses, and subtle vulnerabilities that automated tools might miss.

Core principle: Combine automated tools with manual review. Tools find patterns; humans find logic flaws.

Common Vulnerability Patterns

Memory Safety Issues (C/C++)

// Buffer Overflow
char buffer[256];
strcpy(buffer, user_input);  // ❌ Unsafe
strncpy(buffer, user_input, sizeof(buffer)-1);  // ✓ Safer

// Integer Overflow
size_t alloc = user_count * item_size;  // ❌ Can overflow
void *ptr = malloc(alloc);

// Use After Free
free(ptr);
ptr->field = value;  // ❌ Use after free

// Double Free
free(ptr);
free(ptr);  // ❌ Double free

Injection Vulnerabilities

# SQL Injection
query = f"SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '{user_input}'"  # ❌
cursor.execute(query)

# Safe: Parameterized queries
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ?", (user_input,))  # ✓

# Command Injection
os.system(f"ping {user_input}")  # ❌

# Safe: Use subprocess with list
subprocess.run(["ping", user_input])  # ✓

# Path Traversal
filepath = f"/data/{user_filename}"  # ❌ ../../../etc/passwd
open(filepath, 'r')

# Safe: Validate and use os.path.join with validation

Authentication and Authorization

# Broken Authentication
if username == "admin" and password == config.ADMIN_PASSWORD:  # ❌ Timing attack
    grant_access()

# Better: Use constant-time comparison
import hmac
if hmac.compare_digest(username, "admin") and \
   hmac.compare_digest(password, config.ADMIN_PASSWORD):
    grant_access()

# Authorization Bypass
def get_user_data(user_id):
    # ❌ No authorization check
    return database.get_user(user_id)

# Better: Check authorization
def get_user_data(user_id):
    if current_user.id != user_id and not current_user.is_admin:
        raise UnauthorizedException()
    return database.get_user(user_id)

Automated Tools

# Semgrep - Pattern-based analysis
semgrep --config=auto /path/to/source

# Bandit - Python security linter
bandit -r /path/to/python/code

# ESLint with security plugins - JavaScript
eslint --plugin security /path/to/js

# Brakeman - Ruby on Rails
brakeman /path/to/rails/app

# FindSecBugs - Java
# SpotBugs with FindSecBugs plugin

# SonarQube - Multi-language
sonar-scanner

Manual Review Checklist

[ ] Input validation on all user-controlled data
[ ] Authentication mechanisms (session management, password storage)
[ ] Authorization checks (IDOR, privilege escalation)
[ ] Cryptographic implementations (weak algorithms, hardcoded keys)
[ ] Error handling (information disclosure)
[ ] Business logic flaws
[ ] Race conditions and time-of-check-time-of-use
[ ] Sensitive data exposure (logs, error messages)

Data Flow Analysis

# Trace tainted data from source to sink
# SOURCE: User input
# SINK: Dangerous operation

# Example:
user_input = request.GET['file']  # SOURCE
# ... no validation ...
content = open(user_input).read()  # SINK

# Finding: Path traversal vulnerability
# No validation between source and sink

Integration with Other Skills

skills/analysis/zero-day-hunting - Comprehensive vulnerability research
skills/exploitation/exploit-dev-workflow - Exploitation of found vulnerabilities
skills/documentation/* - Document findings